Filosofia Upanisadelor

Editura HERALD Anul aparitiei 2007 Nr.pagini 432 ISBN 978 973 111 001 1 Lucrarea de fata, care formeaza partea a doua a Istoriei generale a filosofiei, dar si un intreg de sine statator, trateaza despre filosofia Upanisadelor si, prin aceasta, despre punctul culminant al conceptiei indiene despre lume, atins inca din timpurile vedice, prebuddhiste si neintrecut ca insemnatate filosofica de nici unul din fenomenele ulterioare pana in prezent nici de sistemul Samkya, a carui geneza treptata din ideile upanisadice s a facut prin inmultirea excesiva a tendintelor realiste, nici de buddhism care, cu toata autonomia manifestarilor sale, este dependent de invataturile Upaniadelor in punctele esentiale. Ideile Vedantei au devenit si au ramas, de fapt, prin aceasta, atmosfera spirituala patrunzand toate produsele literaturii de mai tarziu, iar Upanisadele reprezinta si azi pentru fiecare indian din casta brahmanilor ceea ce Noul Testament este pentru crestini.Paul Deusen nbspCuprins nbspCuvant inaintenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 7 A. INTRODUCERE INnbsp FILOSOFIA UPANISADELOR I. LOCUL UPANISADELOR IN LITERATURA VEDEI 15 1. Veda si partile salenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 15 2. Brahmana, Aranyaka, Upanisadnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 16 3. Upanisadele celor trei Vede mai vechinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 18 4. Upanisadele Atharvavedeinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 20 5. Despre semnificatia cuvantului upanisadnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 23 II. CONSIDERATII DESPRE ISTORIA UPANISADELORnbspnbspnbsp 29 1. Cea dintai origine a Upanisadelornbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 29 2. Upanisadele existentenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 34 3. Upanisadele la Badarayananbsp si la Sankaranbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 38 4. Cele mai importante culegeri de Upanisadenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 43 III. CONCEPTIA FUNDAMENTALA A UPANISADELOR SI SEMNIFICATIA ACESTEIAnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 48 1. Conceptia fundamentala a Upanisadelornbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 48 2. Ideea upanisadica si filosofianbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 50 3. Ideea upanisadica si religianbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 54 nbsp B. SISTEMULnbsp UPANISADELOR Observatie preliminaranbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 61 PRIMA PARTE TEOLOGIA SAU DOCTRINAnbsp DESPRE BRAHMAN I. DESPRE COGNOSCIBILITATEAnbsp LUI BRAHMANnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 63 1. Este Veda sursa stiintei lui Brahmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 63 2. Mijloace pregatitoarenbsp pentru cunoasterea lui Brahmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 68 3. Sacrificiulnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 70 4. Asceza tapasnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 73 5. Alte conditii preliminarenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 77 6. Punctul de vedere al ignorantei, al stiinteinbsp si al suprastiintei referitor la Brahmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 80 II. CAUTAREA LUI BRAHMANnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 92 1. Atman Brahman ca Unitatenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 92 2. Incercarile de explicare ale lui Balakinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 93 3. Incercarile de explicare ale lui Sakalyanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 94 4. Sase definitii unilateralenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 95 5. Definitii ale lui Atman Vaisvanaranbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 96 6. Instruirea gradata a lui Naradanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 98 7. Trei Atmani diferitinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 100 8. Cinci Atmani diferitinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 102 III. REPREZENTARI SIMBOLICEnbsp ALE LUI BRAHMANnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 105 1. Remarci preliminare si ordonarenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 105 2. Brahman ca Prana si Vayunbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 107 3. Alte simboluri ale lui Brahmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 115 4. Incercari de rastalmacire a reprezentarilornbsp simbolice ale lui Brahmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 121 5. Rastalmaciri si substituirinbsp ale datinilor ritualenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 123 IV. BRAHMAN IN SINEnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 129 1. Observatie preliminaranbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 129 2. Brahman ca cel ce fiinteaza sinbsp ca cel nu fiinteaza sat si asat ca realitatenbsp si ca nonrealitate satyam si asatyamnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 131 3. Brahman ca gandire, constiinta citnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 134 4. Brahman ca beatitudine anandanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 141 5. Natura negativa si incognoscibilitatea lui Brahman in sinenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 147 V. BRAHMAN SI LUMEAnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 158 1. Realitatea unica a lui Brahmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 158 2. Brahman ca principiu cosmicnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 160 3. Brahman ca principiu psihicnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 166 4. Brahman ca zeu personal Isvaranbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 172 nbsp PARTEA A DOUA COSMOLOGIA SAU DOCTRINAnbsp DESPRE LUME VI. BRAHMAN CA DEMIURGnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 179 1. Observatii preliminare la cosmologienbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 179 2. Crearea lumii si doctrina despre Atmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 180 3. Crearea naturii anorganicenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 184 4. Natura organicanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 192 5. Sufletul lumii Hiranyagarbha, Brahmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 195 VII. BRAHMAN CA SUSTINATOR SI DOMNITORnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 198 1. Brahman ca sustinator al lumiinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 198 2. Brahman ca domnitornbsp al lumiinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 202 3. Libertatea si lipsa de libertatenbsp a vointeinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 204 4. Brahman ca providentanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 207 5. Cosmografia Upanisadelornbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 209 VIII. BRAHMAN CA NIMICITOR AL LUMIInbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 215 1. Teoria Kalpa a Vedantei tarziinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 215 2. Intoarcerea fiintelor individuale in Brahmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 216 3. Intoarcerea universului in Brahmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 218 4. Asupra motivelor doctrineinbsp despre nimicirea lumii in Brahmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 220 IX. IREALITATEA LUMIInbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 222 1. Doctrina despre Maya ca baza a oricarei filosofiinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 222 2. Doctrina despre Maya in Upanisadenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 223 3. Doctrina despre Maya in forme de reprezentarenbspnbspnbspnbsp empiricenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 230 X. GENEZA SISTEMULUI SAMKHYAnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 234 1. Scurta prezentare a doctrinei Samkhyanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 234 2. Geneza dualismuluinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 238 3. Geneza seriei evolutieinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 240 4. Geneza doctrinei despre Gunanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 244 5. Geneza doctrinei despre mantuirenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 247 nbsp PARTEA A TREIAnbsp PSIHOLOGIA SAU DOCTRINAnbsp DESPRE SUFLET XI. SUFLETUL SUPREM SI SUFLETUL INDIVIDUALnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 249 1. Punctul de vedere al Vedantei tarziinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 249 2. La origine, numai un sufletnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 250 3. Sufletele individuale in comparatienbsp cu cel supremnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 251 4. Temeiul intrupariinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 254 XII. ORGANELE SUFLETULUInbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 256 1. Conceptia tarzienbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 256 2. Atman si organelenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 258 3. Manas si cele zece indriyenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 263 4. Prana si cele cinci ramificatii ale salenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 267 5. Corpul subtil si determinarea moralanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 271 6. Elemente fiziologice dinnbsp Upanisadenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 274 XIII. STARILE SUFLETULUInbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 287 1. Cele patru starinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 287 2. Vegheanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 290 3. Somnul cu visenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 292 4. Somnul profundnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 295 5. Turۂyanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 298 nbsp PARTEA A PATRAnbsp ESHATOLOGIA SAU DOCTRINA DESPRE TRANSMIGRATIA SUFLETULUInbsp SI ELIBERAREnbsp PRECUM SI DESPRE DRUMUL CATRE ACEASTAnbsp XIV. TRANSMIGRATIA SUFLETULUInbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 303 1. Semnificatia filosofica a doctrineinbsp despre transmigratia sufletuluinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 303 2. Eshatologia vedica vechenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 306 3. Germenii doctrineinbsp despre transmigratia sufletuluinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 313 4. Geneza doctrinei despre transmigratianbsp sufletuluinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 317 5. Evolutia doctrinei despre transmigratianbsp sufletuluinbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 320 XV. ELIBERAREAnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 327 1. Semnificatia doctrinei despre eliberarenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 327 2. Originea doctrinei despre eliberarenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 328 3. Eliberarea este cunoasterea lui Atmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 332 4. Doctrina eliberarii in vesmantnbsp empiricnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 343 XVI. FILOSOFIA PRACTICAnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 349 1. Observatie preliminaranbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 349 2. Etica Upanisadelornbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 351 3. Samnyasanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 360 4. Yoganbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 368 XVII. PRIVIRE RETROSPECTIVA ASUPRA UPANISADELORnbsp SI A DOCTRINELOR LORnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 380 1. Observatii preliminarenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 380 2. Idealismul ca viziune fundamentala a Upanisadelornbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 382 3. Teologie doctrina despre Brahman sau Atmannbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 385 4. Cosmologie si psihologienbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 389 5. Eshatologienbsp transmigratia sufletului si eliberareanbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 391 nbspnbspnbspnbsp nbspnbspnbspnbsp INDEXnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 396 nbspnbspnbspnbsp PAUL DEUSSEN note biograficenbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsp 422

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